Indian-origin researchers have identified an enzyme that serves as a critical trigger for the damaging inflammation that ultimately leads to macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly.
The finding, published in the journal Nature Medicine, may allow doctors to halt the inflammation early on, potentially saving patients from blindness.
"Almost 200 million people in the world have macular degeneration. If macular degeneration were a country, it would be the eighth most populated nation in the world. That's how large a problem this is," said Jayakrishna Ambati from University of Virginia School of Medicine in the US.
"For the first time, we know in macular degeneration what is one of the very first events that triggers the system to get alarmed and start, to use an anthropomorphic term, hyperventilating. This overdrive of inflammation is what ultimately damages cells, and so, potentially, we have a way of interfering very early in the process," Ambati added.
Ambati and Nagaraj Kerur, also from University of Virginia, determined that the culprit is an enzyme called cGAS.
The enzyme plays an important role in the body's immune response to infections by detecting foreign DNA.
But the molecule's newly identified role in the "dry" form of age-related macular degeneration comes as wholly unexpected.
"It's really surprising that in macular degeneration, which, as far as we know, has nothing to do with viruses or bacteria, that cGAS is activated, and that this alarm system is turned on," Ambati said.
"This is what leads to the killing of the cells in the retina, and, ultimately, vision loss," Ambati said.
The researchers noted that cGAS may be an alarm not just for pathogens but for other harmful problems that warrant responses from the immune system.
The enzyme may also play important roles in conditions such as diabetes, lupus and obesity, and researchers already are working to create drugs that could inhibit its function.
"Because the target we're talking about is an enzyme, we could develop small molecules that could block it," Kerur said.
