Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on Tuesday announced the termination of a two-decade-old Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States (VFA), delivering on threats to downgrade an alliance important to US interests.
US Defense Secretary Mark Esper called the decision "unfortunate" and said it would be a move in the wrong direction at a time when Washington and its allies were trying to press China to abide by "international rules of order" in Asia.
The mercurial Duterte, who has clashed with the United States over several issues, decided to pull the plug on the troop rotation pact with the former colonial ruler to enable the Philippines to be more independent in its relations with other countries, his spokesman Salvador Panelo said.
"The president will not entertain any initiative coming from the US government to salvage the VFA, neither will he accept any official invitation to visit the United States," Panelo said.
Complication in the US's military interests in the Asia Pacific
The decision, sparked by the revocation of a US visa held by a former police chief who led Duterte's bloody war on drugs, could complicate US military interests in the Asia-Pacific region as China's ambitions rise. It would also limit Philippine access to US training and expertise in tackling Islamist extremism, natural disasters, and maritime security threats.
Panelo said Duterte's decision was a consequence of US legislative and executive actions that "bordered on assaulting our sovereignty and disrespecting our judicial system". Given the importance of the alliance with the Philippines in a broader U.S. strategy, Washington hopes the decision will be reversed or delayed before it takes legal effect in 180 days.
Esper told reporters travelling with him to Brussels for a NATO meeting he only received notification of the move late on Monday. "We have to digest it. We have to work through the policy angles, the military angles. I'm going to hear from my commanders. But ... in my view, it's unfortunate that they would make this move," he said.
While he said he did not think the step was necessarily tied to China, it was a move "in the wrong direction as we both bilaterally with the Philippines and collectively with a number of other partners and allies in the region are trying to say to the Chinese 'You must obey the international rules of order...'"
Sets out rules
The VFA is important to the overall US-Philippines alliance and sets out rules for U.S. soldiers to operate in the Philippines. It underpins what Washington has called an "ironclad" relationship despite Duterte's complaints about US hypocrisy, ill-treatment, and ageing weapons.
Duterte says the United States uses the pacts to conduct clandestine activities like spying and nuclear weapons stockpile, which he says risk making the Philippines a target for Chinese aggression. Ending the VFA could hurt Washington's future interests in maintaining an Asia-Pacific troop presence amid friction over the presence of U.S. personnel in Japan and South Korea and security concerns about China and North Korea.
Some Filipino senators sought to block Duterte's move soon after news of it broke, arguing that without Senate approval he had no right to unilaterally scrap international pacts it had ratified. "We must have a say on this important matter," said Senator Richard Gordon.
Some lawmakers are concerned that without the VFA, two other pacts would be irrelevant, namely the 2014 Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement made under the Obama administration and a 1951 Mutual Defence Treaty. Those cover dozens of annual military training exercises and broaden the access of US forces and equipment to the Philippines, as well as bind the two countries to defend each other from external aggression.
Supporters of the agreements argue they have deterred Chinese militarization in the South China Sea and $1.3 billion of US defence assistance since 1998 has been vital in boosting the capabilities of under-resourced Philippine forces.
Philippine nationalists, however, say the United States did nothing to stop China building islands in the South China Sea equipped with missiles, and say the VFA is lopsidedly favourable to Americans, including the granting of immunity from prosecution for US servicemen. Duterte, who favours closer ties with China and Russia, pressed ahead with the termination despite a Senate hearing on the VFA last week during which his senior generals and defence and foreign ministers spoke in favour of it.
