DNA differences between men and women may explain why cancer risk is higher in males, according to a new study.
In findings published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, researchers have reported that loss of function in certain genes of the sex-determining Y chromosome, which is present only in men, may cause them to have an elevated risk for cancer.
Studying the Y chromosome
Using data from 9,000 individuals, the researchers studied the Y-chromosome gene function in patients with various types of cancer. The findings showed that cancer risk increases with loss of function of six key Y-chromosome genes in various types of cells.
"Recent studies have shown that complete loss of the Y chromosome, which is essential to foetal sex differentiation, occurs, with ageing, in the cells of some men," said study author Juan Ramon Gonzalez from Barcelona Institute for Global Health in Spain.
"Although the loss of the Y chromosome has previously been associated with a higher incidence of cancer, the causes of this association are poorly understood," Gonzalez added. These six Y-chromosome genes are involved in cell-cycle regulation, the failure of which can lead to tumor development.
Crucial to understand the biological differences between men and women
According to the study, understanding the biological differences between men and women in cancer is crucial for the development of personalized lines of treatment and prevention. "Men are not only at higher risk of cancer than women, but they also face a worse prognosis. In fact, these differences partially account for the lower life expectancy of men," Gonzalez added.
According to the researchers, although men may be more exposed to carcinogens due to the type of work they do and at higher risk because they are less likely to consult a doctor, the study has shown that there are also biological factors that increase cancer risk among men. "In fact, it seems that one of these factors can be found in the Y chromosome, the very essence of maleness," said study lead author Alejandro Caceres.
Suppression of the Y chromosome can occur as a result of loss of function in the chromosome, which would explain previous findings, or as a result of other mechanisms mediated by the chemical (epigenetic) inactivation of the same regions, the research said. "Certain environmental exposures, for example to tobacco or other harmful substances, could affect chromosome function and lead to epigenetic modifications," Gonzalez said.
