Motion-sensitive camera traps across a 50-mile swath were installed by scientists in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in the southern part of Sumatra and for eight years which recorded the haunts and the habits of dozens of species that included Sumatran tiger and other rare and endangered wildlife.
The observations of the scientists offer insight into how abundant these species are and also show how smaller creatures avoid getting eaten by the tigers and other carnivores. The findings were reported in the journal Animal Biodiversity and Conservation.
Cameras captured a total of 39 animal species
"A lot of my research focuses on natural history, where I'm trying to understand behaviours and aspects of ecology that no one has been able to record before," said Max Allen, a wildlife ecologist at the Illinois Natural History Survey who led the research. "And camera traps are a good way to document a community of terrestrial animals." The INHS is a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The cameras captured a total of 39 animal species, including critically endangered Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants and Sunda pangolins, as well as carnivores including Asian golden cats, marbled cats, Sunda clouded leopards, Malayan sun bears and masked palm civets.
The frequency and time of sightings revealed that the tigers were most active during the day, with the majority of sightings in midday. The species that compete with tigers as top carnivores appeared to be doing their best to avoid going out during the tigers' peak activity times.
For example, camera sightings of Sumatran clouded leopards - which are not strictly nocturnal - dropped off precipitously in the hours before noon and picked up a bit in the late evening, when tigers were rarely seen. Sumatran tigers and Sunda clouded leopards compete for larger prey, and tigers are likely to attack them on sight, Allen said.
Behaviour of smaller cats suggests that they do not fear or actively avoid tiger
The behaviour of smaller cats, however, suggests that they do not fear or actively avoid tigers. "The daytime activity of the marbled cat, for example, actually overlaps highly with that of the tigers," Allen said. It's likely the marbled cats are small enough to be eating prey - like rodents - that are of no consequence to tigers.
The camera traps recorded 28 species not seen in earlier surveys, including the critically endangered Sunda pangolin, and the endangered dhole and otter civet. Surveys from previous studies captured eight species that the camera traps missed, however. These include the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros, the endangered dark-handed gibbon and the endangered hairy-nosed otter. Despite their limitations, camera traps often capture things that people surveying in the wild will miss, Allen said.
"There are a lot of interesting behaviours that we just can't capture through classic field methods that camera trapping allows us to document," he said. For example, in an earlier camera-trap study of Sunda clouded leopards in Borneo, Allen and his colleagues discovered that the male clouded leopards would scent mark, scratching and urinating to establish their territory and to attract mates - something other researchers had never observed before. "There are gaps in our knowledge that camera traps can fill," Allen said. "It would be difficult to document these behaviours and interactions by other means."
(With agency inputs)
